This paper explores whether initial tariffs and the heterogeneity of preferential market access matter when examining the external tariff-PTA nexus for the European Union. Less clear-cut support for a ‘stumbling block’ effect is found, with some indication of a 'building block' effect when only focusing on EFTA trade preferences.
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Tobias D. Ketterer
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Sir Clive Granger BuildingUniversity of NottinghamUniversity Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD
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