Christopher Johns designed his model for structured reflection (Johns 2006) through analysing the dialogue between practitioners and their supervisors (guides) who worked with them throughout the learning experience.

Johns used Barbara Carper’s patterns of knowing in his model (Carper 1978) which includes the following:

• aesthetics (the art of what we do)
• personal (self awareness)
• ethics (moral knowledge)
• empirics (scientific knowledge)

Johns’ model also adds:

• reflexivity (how does it connect with previous experiences)