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Phil Williams

Professor of Biophysics, Faculty of Science APVC for Research and Knowledge Exchange, Faculty of Science

Contact

workRoom B07 Boots Science Building
University Park
Nottingham
NG7 2RD
UK
work0115 9515025
fax0115 9515102
phil.williams@nottingham.ac.uk

Biography

I graduated with a Bachelors of Pharmacy degree from the University of Nottingham 1988 and qualified as a Pharmacist in 1989, after which I returned to the University to undertake a PhD on "Computational Studies in Scanning Probe Microscopy" under the supervision of Martyn Davies, David Jackson and Saul Tendler. I undertook postdoctoral research in the School developing the biological applications of SPM, in particular AFM, with one focus on the analysis and compensation for tip-induced artifacts. I was appointed to a lectureship in the School in 1996. In 2000, I was awarded a five-year Advanced Research Fellowship from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council during which time I was able to develop research links with Evan Evans working at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver developing the theoretical understanding of force-induced dissociation and protein unfolding experiments. I was promoted to Associate Professor and Reader in Theoretical Biophysics in 2003.

I was a member and last head of the Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, a research division with the School. The LBSA had an international leading reputation and track record in scanning probe microscopy and surface chemical analysis of pharmaceuticals, polymers and biomaterials. The LBSA remain the only grouping to have received the GlaxoSmithKline International Achievement Award, given for "Internationally recognized work on drug delivery and new techniques for surface and interface analysis".

In 2004, at the age of 37, I was one of the youngest pharmacists ever to be made a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, made in recognition of "distinction in science related to pharmacy".

I was promoted to a personal chair in 2008 as Professor of Biophysics.

I have been involved with the formation of a number of University spin-out companies and I am the co-founder of a successful spin-out from the LBSA, Molecular Profiles Ltd (www.molprofiles.com) (now Juniper Pharmaceuticals) which was awarded the Queens Award for Enterprise in the category of Innovation in 2007 and 2011.

I was Director of Research and Knowledge Exchange for the School of Pharmacy between 2016 and 2021, and am now Associate Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research and Knowledge Exchange for the Faculty of Science.

Expertise Summary

My expertise is in the study and understanding of protein folding through single molecule experiments and computational simulation. I initiated the field of Astropharmacy, through which we research solutions to providing effective healthcare to people in extreme environments with the knowledge that spin-offs with be of benefit to all.

I am a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (FRPharmS)

I am a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB)

I am a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and Chartered Chemist (CChem)

I am a Member of the Institute of Physics (MInstP)

Teaching Summary

I convene an optional module in Astropharmacy.

I teach on a 2nd year Pharmaceutical Sciences MSci module of Drug Design.

Research Summary

Selected Publications

VALENTINA CUZZUCOLI CRUCITTI, LEONARDO CONTREAS, VINCENZO TARESCO, SHAUN C HOWARD, ADAM A DUNDAS, MARION J LIMO, TAKASI NISISAKO, PHILIP M WILLIAMS, PAUL WILLIAMS, MORGAN R ALEXANDER, RICKY D WILDMAN, BENJAMIN W MUIR and DEREK J IRVINE, 2021. Generation and Characterization of a Library of Novel Biologically Active Functional Surfactants (Surfmers) Using Combined High-Throughput Methods ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021..
HENSHAW, C. A., DUNDAS, A. A., CUZZUCOLI CRUCITTI, V., ALEXANDER, M. R., WILDMAN, R., ROSE, F. R. A. J., IRVINE, D. J. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 2021. Droplet Microfluidic Optimisation Using Micropipette Characterisation of Bio-Instructive Polymeric Surfactants: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 26(11),
KOTOWSKA, ANNA M, TRINDADE, GUSTAVO F, MENDES, PAULA M, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M, AYLOTT, JONATHAN W, SHARD, ALEXANDER G, ALEXANDER, MORGAN R and SCURR, DAVID J, 2020. Protein identification by 3D OrbiSIMS to facilitate in situ imaging and depth profiling. Nature communications. 11(1), 5832
SHANNON, GARETH, MARPLES, CALLUM R., TOOFANNY, RUDESH D. and WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., 2019. Evolutionary drivers of protein shape SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 9,

View all publications

Current Research

My current research centres on the biophysics of protein evolution, folding and function, and the development and application of biophysical and computational techniques to study them. I am also developing the field of Astropharmacy, which looks at the challenges of providing safe and effective healthcare to people in extreme environments such as in space flight.

Protein Evolution

A simple analysis of the shape of proteins and of their constituent amino acids has revealed some remarkable features that point to how proteinaceous life has evolved. Our recent analysis of all the proteins deposited in the protein databank, for example, has enabled us to derive simple mathematical expressions that predict their behaviour in the cell, and thus point to why cells and proteins are the shape and size they are. As the properties we describe follow simple laws of physics, we can hypothesize that proteins and cells would evolve similarly in any environment and thus argue that if life has evolved elsewhere it would be similar to that on earth. Our current research is extending our ideas: If we can understand how amino acids are shaped to form proteins, understand how proteins are shaped to function in the cell, and how cells are sized to optimize function in an organ, can we predict what shape and size organs will be, and can we then predict the size and shape of multi-cellular life?

Protein Mechanics

Our new bioinformatic tools, developed to allow us to predict and compare the mechanical properties of proteins, add further to our studies of protein evolution. We are interested in how specific proteins have evolved their 'mechanical' role, be it structural, transduction, motor, etc. Being able to understand how these properties has evolved will enable us to better understand how mutations may affect them and give rise to pathogenic disease. Specific interests include the proteins participating in blood haemostasis (von Willebrand Factor, for example) and proteins of muscle to understand the effect of disease (dystrophies), aging, and altered environment (supine posture, extended space-flight).

Protein Aggregation

Many diseases arise from protein misfolding and protein unfolding followed by aggregation. Using single molecule force experiments (atomic force microscope, biomembrane force probe, optical tweezers) we are investigation how disease can arise at the level of the single protein. Current research in this area includes understanding and controlling cataract formation.

Biophysical Techniques

The tools we develop and apply to understand protein structure and function have wider application, and we are applying them to understand the biophysics in many projects across the School. These include, for example, the understanding of micro and nanoparticle formation in microfluidic and nanoprecipitation devices using the micro-pipette aspiration of the BFP, understanding cell adhesion to structured biomaterials using the AFM, BFP and OT, development of fragment screening approaches at the single molecule level, and understanding and modifying cell adhesion in models of metastatic cancer.

Past Research

I developed new methodologies that permit single molecules to be manipulated and the forces that hold them together to be measured. To complement these studies, I also developed both the necessary theoretical understanding of the behaviour of molecules and novel computational tools to model these experimental investigations. Such measurements on single molecules opened up new avenues to study normal and aberrant biological processes that are important therapeutic targets in biology and medicine. My work in these areas of theory, computation, and bio-nanotechnology is exemplified by:

• Development of the theoretical understanding of molecular interactions and how nature tailors energy potentials for biological function. Part of this work was undertaken with Dr Clarke, Cambridge, and Prof. Lindsay, Arizona. • Research in bio-nanotechnologies, such as the UK's only biomembrane force probe, and experimental methodologies to measure biological systems and processes. Part of this work was undertaken with Dr Emsley, Prof. Jensen (School of Mathematics), Prof. Lane, Imperial, and Prof. Evans, British Columbia. • Derivation and application of computational methodologies to predict and interpret measurements of biological processes. Part of this work was undertaken with Prof. Elber, Cornell.

I have supervised research students from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge and Department of Physics, University of Genoa, in my laboratories. I have used funds from my EPSRC Advanced Research Fellowship to enable my students to work in the laboratories of Evan Evans at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver and at Boston University, of Stuart Lindsay at the Department of Physics and BioDesign Institute, Arizona State University, and of Ron Elber, Department of Computer Science, Cornell. I have published over 150 research papers and book chapters.

Students recently obtained their PhDs from my group have gone on to undertake postdoctoral work with world-leading protein folding groups (Seattle) and tissue engineering and molecular biology groups (Hawaii).

Future Research

One area of future work that is being designed at the moment is to study links of mechanical properties between genotype and phenotype. This work will allow relationships between the mechanical properties of molecules and the effect of mutation with changes in function of the organism/organ in which the protein is expressed, thus giving a unique biophysical insight to the dystrophic disease, aging, and how life has evolved in the 1G environment of the earth.

HENSHAW, C. A., DUNDAS, A. A., CUZZUCOLI CRUCITTI, V., ALEXANDER, M. R., WILDMAN, R., ROSE, F. R. A. J., IRVINE, D. J. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 2021. Droplet Microfluidic Optimisation Using Micropipette Characterisation of Bio-Instructive Polymeric Surfactants: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 26(11),
VALENTINA CUZZUCOLI CRUCITTI, LEONARDO CONTREAS, VINCENZO TARESCO, SHAUN C HOWARD, ADAM A DUNDAS, MARION J LIMO, TAKASI NISISAKO, PHILIP M WILLIAMS, PAUL WILLIAMS, MORGAN R ALEXANDER, RICKY D WILDMAN, BENJAMIN W MUIR and DEREK J IRVINE, 2021. Generation and Characterization of a Library of Novel Biologically Active Functional Surfactants (Surfmers) Using Combined High-Throughput Methods ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021..
KOTOWSKA, ANNA M, TRINDADE, GUSTAVO F, MENDES, PAULA M, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M, AYLOTT, JONATHAN W, SHARD, ALEXANDER G, ALEXANDER, MORGAN R and SCURR, DAVID J, 2020. Protein identification by 3D OrbiSIMS to facilitate in situ imaging and depth profiling. Nature communications. 11(1), 5832
PATIENT, JAMIE D., HAJIALI, HADI, HARRIS, KATE, ABRAHAMSSON, BERTLI, TANNERGREN, CHRISTER, WHITE, LISA J., GHAEMMAGHAMI, AMIR M., WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., ROBERTS, CLIVE J. and ROSE, FELICITY R. A. J., 2019. Nanofibrous Scaffolds Support a 3D in vitro Permeability Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY. 10,
SHANNON, GARETH, MARPLES, CALLUM R., TOOFANNY, RUDESH D. and WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., 2019. Evolutionary drivers of protein shape SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 9,
MOSQUEIRA D, MANNHARDT I, BHAGWAN JR, LIS-SLIMAK K, KATILI P, SCOTT E, HASSAN M, PRONDZYNSKI M, HARMER SC, TINKER A, SMITH JGW, CARRIER L, WILLIAMS PM, GAFFNEY D, ESCHENHAGEN T, HANSEN A and CHRIS DENNING, 2018. CRISPR/Cas9 editing in human pluripotent stemcell-cardiomyocytes highlights arrhythmias, hypocontractility, and energy depletion as potential therapeutic targets for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy European Heart Journal. 39(43), 3879 - 3892
WONG, SZU S, OSTERGAARD, SOREN, HALL, GARETH, LI, CHAN, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M, STENNICKE, HENNING and EMSLEY, JONAS, 2016. A novel DFP tripeptide motif interacts with the coagulation factor XI apple 2 domain. Blood. 127(23), 2915-23
TRES F, PATIENT JD, WILLIAMS PM, TREACHER K, BOOTH J, HUGHES LP, WREN SAC, AYLOTT JW and BURLEY JC, 2015. Monitoring the Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Bicalutamide Solid Dispersions via Real-Time Raman Mapping. Molecular pharmaceutics. 12(5), 1512-1522
HOOK, ANDREW L., WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., ALEXANDER, MORGAN R. and SCURR, DAVID J., 2015. Multivariate ToF-SIMS image analysis of polymer microarrays and protein adsorption BIOINTERPHASES. 10(1),
SANNI, OLUTOBA, CHANG, CHIEN-YI, ANDERSON, DANIEL G., LANGER, ROBERT, DAVIES, MARTYN C., WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., WILLIAMS, PAUL, ALEXANDER, MORGAN R. and HOOK, ANDREW L., 2015. Bacterial Attachment to Polymeric Materials Correlates with Molecular Flexibility and Hydrophilicity ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS. 4(5), 695-701
PATIENT, J., HARRIS, K., ABRAHAMSSON, B., TANNERGREN, C., WHITE, L. J., GHAEMAGHAMMI, A. M., WILLIAMS, P. M., ROBERTS, C. J. and ROSE, F. R., 2015. Epithelial-Myofibroblast Co-Culture: Exploring Cross Talk at the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Barrier TISSUE ENGINEERING PART A. 21, S337-S337
SCURR, DAVID J., HOOK, ANDREW L., BURLEY, JONATHAN, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M., ANDERSON, DANIEL G., LANGER, ROBERT, DAVIES, MARTYN C. and ALEXANDER, MORGAN R., 2013. Strategies for MCR image analysis of large hyperspectral data-sets SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS. 45(1), 466-470
BROWN A, HOROBIN A, BLOUNT DG, HILL PJ, ENGLISH J, RICH A, WILLIAMS PM and PRITCHARD DI, 2012. Blow fly Lucilia sericata nuclease digests DNA associated with wound slough/eschar and with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 26(4), 432-439
BRAMPTON, C., WAHAB, O., BATCHELOR, M.R., ALLEN, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2011. Biomembrane force probe investigation of RNA dissociation European Biophysics Journal. 40(3), 247-257
LANNIEL, M., LU, B., CHEN, Y., ALLEN, S., BUTTERY, L., WILLIAMS, P., HUQ, E. and ALEXANDER, M., 2011. Patterning the mechanical properties of hydrogen silsesquioxane films using electron beam irradiation for application in mechano cell guidance THIN SOLID FILMS. VOL 519(NUMBER 6), 2003-2010
LANNIEL, M., HUQ, E., ALLEN, S., BUTTERY, L., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ALEXANDER, M.R., 2011. Substrate induced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on hydrogels with modified surface chemistry and controlled modulus Soft Matter. 7(14), 6501-6514
DE GRAFF, A.M.R., SHANNON, G., FARRELL, D.W., WILLIAMS, P.M. and THORPE, M.F., 2011. Protein unfolding under force: crack propagation in a network Biophysical Journal. 101(3), 736-744
BOUHROUM, ABDENNOUR, BURLEY, JONATHAN C, CHAMPNESS, NEIL R, TOON, RICHARD C, JINKS, PHILIP A, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M and ROBERTS, CLIVE J, 2010. An assessment of beclomethasone dipropionate clathrate formation in a model suspension metered dose inhaler. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 391(1-2), 98-106
KIM, I.H., LEE, H.Y., LEE, H.D., JUNG, Y.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S., RYU, S.H. and PARK, J.W., 2009. Interactions between signal transducing proteins measured by atomic force microscopy Analytical Chemistry. 81(9), 3276-3284
BOUHROUM, A, BURLEY, J, CHAMPNESS, N, TOON, R, JINKS, P, WILLIAMS, P and ROBERTS, C, 2009. Spectroscopic and structural characterisation of a beclomethasone dipropionate clathrate pre- and post-micronisation for inclusion in a pMDI formulation. In: Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology: BPC Science Abstracts Special Issue 61. A82-A83
TAYLOR, M, URQUHART, AJ, ANDERSON, DG, WILLIAMS, P. M and LANGER, R, ALEXANDER, MR, DAVIES, MC, 2008. A Methodology for Investigating Protein Adhesion and Adsorption to Microarrayed Combinatorial Polymers Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 29(15), 1298-1302
QAMAR, S., WILLIAMS, P.M. and LINDSAY, S.M., 2008. Can an atomic force microscope sequence DNA using a nanopore? Biophysical Journal. 94(4), 1233-1240
BORGIA, ALESSANDRO, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M and CLARKE, JANE, 2008. Single-molecule studies of protein folding. Annual review of biochemistry. 77, 101-25
YUNG, Y.J., HONG, B.J., ZHANG, W., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S. and PARK, J.W., 2007. Dendron arrays for the force-based detection of DNA hybridization events Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129(30), 9349-9355
HILL, R.J.A., SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., WILLIAMS, P.M., PAOLI, M., ADLER-ABRAMOVICH, L., GAZIT, E, EAVES, L. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2007. Alignment of aromatic peptide tubes in strong magnetic fields Advanced Materials. 19(24), 4474-4479
CARNALLY, STEWART, BARROW, KATHARINE, ALEXANDER, MORGAN R, HAYES, CHRISTOPHER J, STOLNIK, SNJEZANA, TENDLER, SAUL J B, WILLIAMS, PHILIP M and ROBERTS, CLIVE J, 2007. Ultra-resolution imaging of a self-assembling biomolecular system using robust carbon nanotube AFM probes. Langmuir. 23(7), 3906-11
PORTOLES, J.F., CUMPSON, P.J., HEDLEY, J., ALLEN, S., WILLIMAS, P.M. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2006. Accurate velocity measurements of AFM-cantilever vibrations by Doppler interferometry Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. VOL 1(NUMB 1), 51-62
CLARKE, R J, JENSEN, O E, BILLINGHAM, J, PEARSON, A P and WILLIAMS, P M, 2006. Stochastic elastohydrodynamics of a microcantilever oscillating near a wall. Physical Review Letters. 96(5), 050801
TOOFANNY, RUDESH D and WILLIAMS, PHILIP M, 2006. Simulations of multi-directional forced unfolding of titin I27. Journal of molecular graphics & modelling.. 24(5), 396-403
CLARKE, R. J., JENSEN, O. E., BILLINGHAM, J. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 2006. Three-dimensional flow due to a microcantilever oscillating near a wall: an unsteady slender-body analysis Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. VOL 462(NUMB 2067), 913-934
STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SAKATA, J.K., TENDLER, S.J.B., TIRRELL, D.A. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2005. Molecular level investigations of the inter- and intramolecular interactions of pH-responsive artificial triblock proteins Biomacromolecules. 6(3), 1266-1271
SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., CHAN, W.C., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2005. Atomic force microscopy study of human amylin (20-29) fibrils Protein and Peptide Letters. 12(1), 79-83
NG, S.P., ROUNSEVELL, R.W.S., STEWARD, A., GEIERHAAS, C.D., WILLIAMS, P.M., PACI, E and CLARKE, J., 2005. Mechanical unfolding of TNfn3: the unfolding pathway of a fnIII domain probed by protein engineering, AFM and MD simulation Journal of Molecular Biology. 350(4), 776-789
CLARKE, R.J., COX, S.M., WILLIAMS, P.M. and JENSEN, O.E., 2005. The drag on a microcantilever oscillating near a wall Journal of Fluid Mechanics. VOL 545, 397-426
WAHAB, O.M., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S. and KOOL, E., 2005. Observed cooperativity in the forced unfolding of the catalytic subunit of the hammerhead ribozyme Biophysical Journal. 88(1), 573A-573A
BRAMPTON, C., ZHANG, W.K., CLARKE, J., LEUNG, A., EVANS, E. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2005. Protein unfolding and refolding under force using the biomembrane force probe Biophysical Journal. 88(1), 213A-213A
TOOFANNY, R.D., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ELBER, R., 2005. Long time-scale simulations of protein unfolding under force using the stochastic difference equation in length algorithm Biophysical Journal. 88(1), 185A-A85A
DESHPANDE, M.C., DAVIES, M.C., GARNETT, M.C., WILLIAMS, P.M., ARMITAGE, D., BAILEY, L., VAMVAKAKI, M., ARMES, S.P. and STOLNIK, S., 2004. The effect of poly(ethylene glycol) molecular architecture on cellular interaction and uptake of DNA complexes Journal of Controlled Release. 97(1), 143-156
GREEN, N.H., WILLIAMS, P.M., WAHAB, O., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and ALLEN, S., 2004. Single-molecule investigations of RNA dissociation. Biophysical Journal. 86(6), 3811-3821
PATEL, A.B., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. Influence of architecture on the kinetic stability of molecular assemblies Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126(5), 1318-1319
HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. An atomic force microscopy study of the effect of nanoscale contact geometry and surface chemistry on the adhesion of pharmaceutical particles Pharmaceutical Research. 21(6), 953-961
ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. Atomic force microscopy studies of generation 4 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on functionalized surfaces Surface Science. 558(1-3), 99-110
STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., SAKATA, J.K., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., TIRRELL, D.A. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. pH-dependent behavior of surface-immobilized artificial leucine zipper proteins Langmuir. 20(18), 7747-7752
WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. In silico force spectroscopy: bridging the gap between experiment and simulation Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 227, U470-U470
PEARSON, R.G., MOLINO, Y., WILLIAMS, P.M., TENDLER, S.J.B., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J. and SHAKESHEFF, K.M., 2003. Spatial confinement of neurite regrowth from dorsal root ganglia within nonporous microconduits Tissue Engineering. 9(2), 201-208
SALEM, A.K., ROSE, F.R.A.J., OREFFO, R.O.C., YANG, X., DAVIES, M.C., MITCHELL, J.R., ROBERTS, C.J., STOLNIK-TRENKIC, S., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and SHAKESHEFF, K.M., 2003. Porous polymer and cell composites that self-assemble in situ Advanced Materials. 15(3), 210-213
HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Characterization of particle-interactions by atomic force microscopy: effect of contact area Pharmaceutical Research. 20(3), 508-514
ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Direct real-time molecular scale visualisation of the degradation of condensed DNA complexes exposed to DNase I. Nucleic Acids Research. 31(14), 4001-4005
ROSSELL, J.P., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Electrostatic interactions observed when imaging proteins with the atomic force microscope Ultramicroscopy. 96(1), 37-46
WILDE, L.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ROBERTS, C.J., 2003. Bifunctional atomic force microscopy probes for molecular screening applications Analytica Chimica Acta. 479(1), 77-85
WILLIAMS, P.M., FOWLER, S.B., BEST, R.B., TOCA-HERRERA, J.L., SCOTT, K.A., STEWARD, A. and CLARKE, J., 2003. Hidden complexity in the mechanical properties of titin Nature. 422(6930), 446-449
WILLIAMS, P. M., 2003. Analytical descriptions of dynamic force spectroscopy: behaviour of multiple connections Analytica Chimica Acta. VOL 479(NUMBER 1), 107-115
ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., ALLEN, S., WILLIAMS, P.M. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2003. Scanning probe microscopy of biomolecular systems and pharmaceutical materials: The fate of DNA-dendrimer complexes exposed to degradation enzymes Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 225, U608-U608
ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Atomic force microscopy investigations of the effect of DNase I on DNA-PAMAM dendrimer complexes Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 417A-417A
PATEL, A.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S., TENDLER, S.J.B., ROBERTS, C.J. and DAVIES, M.C., 2003. Dynamic force spectroscopy; a physical approach to lead compound optimisation? Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 475A-475A
HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ROBERTS, C.J., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Estimation of inter-particulate contact area and geometry between individual particles in pharmaceutical aerosols Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society: 226th ACS National Meeting. 226(1-2), COLL 134
CLARKE, J., BEST, R.B., FOWLER, S.F., STEWARD, A., TOCA-HERRERA, J.L., WILLIAMS, P.M., MARTIN, K.S. and PACI, E., 2003. Combining protein engineering and dynamic force microscopy to examine protein folding landscapes Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 308A-208A
WILLIAMS, P.M. and CLARKE, J., 2003. The hidden strength of titin Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 337A-337A
RIGBY-SINGLETON, S.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Direct measurement of drug-enzyme interactions by atomic force microscopy; dihydrofolate reductase and methotrexate Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2. 10, 1722-1727
SALEM, A.K., STEVENS, R., PEARSON, R.G., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., ROBERTS, C.J., WILLIAMS, P.M. and SHAKESHEFF, K.M., 2002. Interactions of 3T3 fibroblasts and endothelial cells with defined pore features. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 61(2), 212-217
STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SCHACHT, E., TENDLER, S.J.B., VANSTEENKISTE, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. The development, characterization, and demonstration of a versatile immobilization strategy for biomolecular force measurements Langmuir. 18(17), 6659 -6665
HINDER, S.J., CONNELL, S.D., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Compositional mapping of self-assembled monolayers derivatized within microfluidic networks Langmuir. 18(8), 3151-3158
CONNELL, S.D.A., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Investigating the interfacial properties of single-liquid nanodroplets by atomic force microscopy Langmuir. 18(5), 1719-1728
BOND, L., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SHIVJI, A.P., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ZHANG, J., 2002. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning thermal microscopy analysis of pharmaceutical materials International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 243(1-2), 71-82
GREEN, N.H., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Force sensing and mapping by atomic force microscopy Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 21(1), 65-74
WILLIAMS, P.M., PATEL, A., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and DAVIES, M.C., 2002. Dynamic force spectroscopy for drug design Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 224(1-2), COLL 64
WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Dynamic Force Spectroscopy II: Multiple Bonds. In: Les Houches - Ecole d'Ete de Physique Theorique Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 186-204
WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Dynamic Force Spectroscopy I: Single Bonds. In: Les Houches - Ecole d'Ete de Physique Theorique Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 144-186
POPE, L.H., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Probing DNA duplex formation and DNA-drug interactions by the quartz crystal microbalance technique Langmuir. 17(26), 8300-8304
ALLEN, S., CONNELL, S.D.A., CHEN, X., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., DAWKES, A.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Mapping the surface characteristics of polystyrene microtiter wells by a multimode scanning force microscopy approach (Note) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 242(2), 470
FENG, X., ROBERTS, C.J., ARMITAGE, D.A., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., ALLEN, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Investigation of microcontact transfer of proteins from a selectively plasma treated elastomer stamp by fluorescence microscopy and force microscopy Analyst. 126(7), 1100-1104
POPE, L.H., DAVIES, M.C., LAUGHTON, C.A., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Force-induced melting of a short DNA double helix European Biophysics Journal. 30(1), 53-62
DANESH, A., CONNELL, S.D., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and WILKINS, M.J., 2001. An in situ dissolution study of aspirin crystal planes (100) and (001) by atomic force microscopy Pharmaceutical Research. 18(3), 299-303
CLARKE, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., LEWIS, A.L. and O BYRNE, V., 2001. Atomic force microscope and surface plasmon resonance investigation of polymer blends of poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]phosphorylcholine-co-lauryl methacrylate) and poly(lauryl methacrylate) Macromolecules. 34(12), 4166-4172
WILDE, L.M., FARACE, G., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., SANDERS, G.H.W., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Molecular patterning on carbon based surfaces through photobiotin activation Analyst. 126(2), 195-198
GALLIGAN, E., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Simulating the dynamic strength of molecular interactions Journal of Chemical Physics. 114, 3208-3214
INGLIS, W., SANDERS, G.H.W., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2001. A simple method for biocompatible polymer based spatially controlled adsorption of blood plasma proteins to a surface Langmuir. 17(23), 7402-7405
SALEM, A.K., CANNIZZARO, S.M., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and SHAKESHEFF, K.M., 2001. Synthesis and characterisation of a degradable poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer with biotinylated end groups Biomacromolecules. 2(2), 575-580
RIGBY-SINGLETON, S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and DAVIES, J., 2001. Quantification of rupture forces between a drug-enzyme complext Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 221, U347-U347
BOND, L., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C. J., SHIVJI, A., WILLIAMS, P. M., DAVIES, M. C. and TENDLER, S. J. B., 2001. Characterisation of drug-excipient interactions using the atomic force microscope BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL CONFERENCE. 2001, 277
BALDWIN, A. K., ALLEN, S., CLADERA, J., DAVIES, M. C., O SHEA, P., PALIN, K., PARKINS, D., ROBERTS, C. J., TENDLER, S. J. B. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 2001. DNA: lipid interactions within a liposomal gene delivery system BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL CONFERENCE. 2001, 87
GALLIGAN, E., WILLIAMS, P.M., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2001. Simulating the dynamic strength of molecular interactions Biophysical Journal. 80(1), 324A-324A
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2000. Hydrodynamic damping of tip oscillation in pulsed-force atomic force microscopy Applied Physics Letters. 77(21), 3462-3464
MCGURK, S.L., SANDERS, G.H.W., DAVIES, M.C., DAVIS, S.S., ILLUM, L., ROBERTS, C.J., STOLNIK, S., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2000. A high resolution atomic force microscopy study of poly(lactic acid-co-ethylene glycol) Polymer Journal. 32(5), 444-446
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and BURNHAM, N.A., 2000. Optimizing phase imaging via dynamic force curves Surface Science. 460(1-3), 292-300
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, J. and DAWKES, A.C., 2000. Attractive tapping: a method to minimise topography distortions in tapping mode atomic force microscopy Probe Microscopy. 2(1), 21-29
DAVIES, M.C., POPE, L. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2000. Loading dependence of molecular rupture force Perkin Transactions 2. 1, 5-8
MOORE, A., STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2000. On the dynamic behaviour of the forced dissociation of ligand-receptor pairs Perkin Transactions 2. 2((1)), 5-8
KITCHING, S., WILLIAMS, P. M., ROBERTS, C. J., DAVIES, M. C. and TENDLER, S. J. B., 1999. Quantifying surface topography and scanning probe image reconstruction Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. Part B Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. VOL 17(NUMBER 2), 273-279
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, J., DAWKES, A.C. and EDWARDS, J.C., 1998. Interpretation of tapping mode atomic force microscopy data using amplitude-phase-distance measurements Ultramicroscopy. 75(3), 171-181
CHEN, X., MCGURK, S.L., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SHAKESHEFF, K.M., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, J., DAWKES, A.C. and DOMB, A., 1998. Chemical and morphological analysis of surface enrichment in a biodegradable polymer blend by phase-detection imaging atomic force microscopy Macromolecules. 31(7), 2278-2283
CHEN, X., PATEL, N., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, J., DAWKES, A.C. and EDWARDS, J.C., 1998. Application of protein-coated scanning force microscopy probes in measurements of surface affinity to protein adsorption Applied Physics A: materials science & processing. 66 SUPP/1, S631-S634
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1997. Effect of scanning force microscope scanner geometry on probe-sample contact force Review of Scientific Instruments. 68(4), 1773-1775
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, J., DAWKES, A.C. and EDWARDS, J.C., 1997. Recognition of protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces by scanning force microscopy and probe-surface adhesion measurements with protein-coated probes Langmuir. 13(15), 4106-4111
ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1997. Atomic force microscopy in analytical biotechnology Trends in Biotechnology. 15(3), 101-105
WILLIAMS, P.M., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 1997. Data analysis using the Internet: the World Wide Web scanning probe microscopy data analysis system. Analyst. 122(10), 1001-6
ROBERTS, C.J., LOMAS, M., WILLIAMS, P.M., TENDLER, S.J.B., PATEL, N. and DAVIES, M.C., 1997. STM of insulators with the probe in contact with an aqueous layer Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 101(26), 5138-5142
MCCLEAN, K. H., WINSON, M. K., FISH, L., TAYLOR, A., CHHABRA, S. R., CAMARA, M., DAYKIN, M., LAMB, J. H., SWIFT, S. and BYCROFT, B. W., 1997. Quorum sensing and Chromobacterium violaceum: exploitation of violacein production and inhibition for the detection of N-acylhomoserine lactones Microbiology. VOL 143(NUMBER 12), 3703-3711
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SHAKESHEFF, K.M., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1996. Dynamic surface events measured by simultaneous probe microscopy and surface plasmon detection Analytical Chemistry. 68(8), 1451-1455
CHEN, X., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SHAKESHEFF, K.M., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and DAVIES, J., 1996. Combined surface plasmon resonance and scanning force microscope instrument Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. B, Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. 14(3), 1582-1586
WILLIAMS, P.M., SHAKESHEFF, K.M., DAVIES, M.C., JACKSON, D.E., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 1996. Toward true surface recovery: studying distortions in scanning probe microscopy image data Langmuir. 12(14), 3468-3471
SHAKESHEFF, K.M., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1996. Applications of scanning probe microscopy in drug delivery research Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 13(3-4), 225-256