Resources

Glossary

• Acid: any substance that donates H⁺ ions; A solution that contains more H⁺ than OH^- ions
• Base: any substance that removes free H⁺ from a solution 
• Alkali: any substance that donates OH^- ions into a solution; A solution that contains more OH^- than H⁺ ions
• pH: the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution
• Acidic: a solution containing excess H⁺ ions; a solution with a pH less than 7
• Alkaline: a solution containing fewer H⁺ than OH^- ions; a solution with a pH greater than 7
• Neutral: a solution where there are exactly the same number of H⁺ and OH^- ions
• Dissociation: molecules in solution break apart into ions and then re-form again
• Buffer: a molecule that can both accept H+ and donate that H⁺ ions
• Denaturation: alteration of a molecule's shape and structure leading to loss of function following rearrangement of its atoms
• Neutralisation: combination of an acid and an alkali to form a salt and water
• Salt: a molecule formed by the combination of an acid without its free H⁺ ions and an alkali without its OH^- ions

Books and Journals

Greenhalgh, T. (2001) How to read a clinical paper. 2nd Ed. BMJ books.

Surrogate outcomes - Print summary

This RLO covers the use of surrogate outcomes in measuring drug safety.

Learning outcomes

By completing this resource you will have learnt about surrogate outcomes including:

• types of outcomes
• limitations of their use approach
• why they are used

Please type any additional notes and comments you have on this resource in the field below: Print

By completing this resource you will have learnt about the use of surrogate outcomes in measuring drug safety, including:

• types of outcomes
• limitations of their use approach
• why they are used

This resource was developed by:

Julia Lacey - content author

Rob Cutforth, Liz Hilton - developers

The resource was originally funded by RLO-CETL.

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