© copyright 1999 Philip Moriarty, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham
Recent website additions
Added 22/01/03:
Questionnaire responses and module report form for 2002/2003 added. Click
on 'Feedback' in the frame to the left.
~
Added 14/01/03:
Worked solutions to LEED questions on previous exam papers are available
here . (You will need to have Adobe Acrobat
installed - this is a .pdf file).
Added
26/11/02:
Assessment criteria for presentations added (scroll to bottom of this
page) .
Added 25/11/02:
Answers to online questions in sections 4 and 5 added. .
Added 28/10/02:
Answers to online questions in sections 2 and 3 added. .
Added 26/09/02:
Website updated for 2002/2003 Autumn semester .
Welcome to the Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces homepage.
Surface physics is a vibrant and pervasive area of modern research that plays a central role in the
development of nanometre (10-9m) scale science and technology.
This module covers the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of atoms and molecules
at surfaces from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. Key topics
include adsorption and growth of atomically precise surface
overlayers;ultra high
vacuum technology (essential in the generation of atomically defined surfaces);
electron spectroscopies and the use of scanning probe microscopes
to visualise and manipulate individual atoms and molecules.
(What does the image to the left show?)
Click on the buttons in the frame to the left or in the areas in the
banner at the top of the page to navigate around the
Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces web site. The following items may be found on
this (home) page:
Contact Details
Philip Moriarty
School of Physics & Astronomy, Office: B125, Tel. (internal): 15156
E-mail: Philip.Moriarty@nottingham.ac.uk
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Aims and Objectives
This module aims to introduce students to the principal topics in modern surface physics,
both emphasising the role surfaces play in the general context of solid state physics and
demonstrating the importance of surfaces and interfaces in modern nanometre scale science.
On completion of this module students will :
- have gained a general understanding of the properties of surfaces and adsorbates at surfaces;
- appreciate the technical difficulties inherent in examining surface - as opposed to bulk - properties and have an understanding of the physics underlying a broad range of surface processes, probes and techniques.;
- be able to quantitatively solve simple problems on the structural/ electronic/ chemical properties of surfaces;
- through directed library and WWW-based research, be able to write an "article" (a 2000 word essay) on a particular area of state-of-the-art surface or nanometre scale physics research;
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Teaching & Assessment
Teaching
The Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces module is a School of
Physics &
Astronomy 3rd year option course (offered from Oct. 1999 - click
on "Feedback" for students' comments on the course in previous years). The
pre- and co-requisites may be found here .
I have adopted a somewhat different approach to that of the conventional lecture format in presenting the material in the module.
The course relies heavily on the World Wide Web (WWW) as a teaching resource. The lecture notes (which may be accessed by clicking on
Sections 1- 7 in the frame to the left) have been written so that in
addition to explaining particular aspects of surface science, they provide hypertext links to a range of WWW sites.
Thus, a large amount of reference material from, for example, research groups across the world who are working in relevant areas
of surface science, is made available.
Given that the lecture notes are available on the web (and will also be handed out in printed form in the lectures), your time
during the lecture will not be spent copying down notes from the
blackboard. Note that an Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces
textbook is currently being prepared - with Dr. Michael Hunt - and will
be published by World Scientific in 2003. It is my intention
to provide chapters from this book to students during the course (these
chapters will be
closely based on - though not identical to - the online notes).
You will be expected to spend ~ 1 hr before each lecture
reading over designated sections of the notes. Each section of the lecture notes includes a number of questions (generally "qualitative" questions
but some short quantitative questions are also included (both designed to enhance your understanding of a topic)) which you should think about and we will then discuss in
the lecture. It is hoped therefore that a large number of the lectures will be closer to "discussion groups" or tutorials rather than lecturer-driven presentation of the
course material.
Following a discussion of the questions in the lecture I will link the questions to their respective answers or a synopsis of our discussion. That is, before the lecture,
when you click on a question the browser will produce nothing (except an error message saying a file can't be found!). After the lecture pertaining to that question, on clicking on the question the answer will appear.
In addition to the questions in the lecture notes you will be expected to attempt other (generally more involved) problems.
Assessment
Assessment is via two methods:
- 20% of your final mark will be awarded for
a 10 minute presentation that you give on a particular area of surface or
nanometre-scale physics. The presentation should be prepared so that it
may be understood by other
3rd year Physics students who have not taken the Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces module.
-
The other 80% of the assessment will be via a 11/2
hour written examination.
Exam paper format
The examination is a standard 1.5 hr format paper. Copies of previous exam
papers may be downloaded from the University's
online past
paper archive.
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Reading List
As discussed in Teaching & Assessment above, the lecture notes for the Atoms & Molecules at Surfaces module
are available via this web site and are linked to a number of web-based
resources. Dr. Roger Nix (Queen Mary & Westfield College, (University of
London)) has prepared an excellent on-line course entitled
Introduction to Surface Chemistry
which is at a level appropriate for this module. Dr John Venables' Surfaces and Thin Films course based at
Arizona State University is aimed at postgraduates and is thus a little too detailed in places for our purposes. However, the lecture notes Dr. Venables provides are very clearly written and
I have provided links to his course in quite a number of places.
Links to other web-based courses and Surface Science resources are provided throughout the Atoms and Molecules at Surfaces HTML lecture notes. Please let me know if you find other
surface science-based web pages of interest as I can then provide a link to those sites.
I should point out that a number of the diagrams I have used on the Atoms & Molecules at Surfaces
web site have been provided by
current
and former postgraduate students of the Nottingham Nanoscience group to whom I am very grateful!
I recommend the following textbooks for this course.
Primary Reading
- Surface Science: Fundamentals of Catalysis and Nanoscience ,
KW Kolasinski (John Wiley and Sons)
- Introduction to Surface Physics , M. Prutton (Oxford Science Publications)
- Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials , H. Luth (Springer)
- Modern Techniques of Surface Science , D. P. Woodruff and T. A. Delchar (Cambridge University Press)
- Physics at Surfaces , A. Zangwill (Cambridge University Press)
Secondary Reading
- Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces , W. Monch (Springer)
- Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , G. A. Samorjai (Wiley-Interscience)
- Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry , G. Ertl and J. Kuppers (VCH)
- Surface Analysis edt. J. C. Vickerman,John Wiley & Sons
(1997)
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Course Outline
Click on a thumbnail image for a description
- Introduction
- Structure of Surfaces
- Basic Surface Thermodynamics
- Relaxation & Reconstruction
- 2D Lattices
- Reciprocal Space
- Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)
Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) Technology
- Why UHV?
- UHV systems: pumps and chambers
- Pressure measurement
- Surface preparation in UHV
Adsorption on Surfaces
- Physisorption
- Chemisorption
- Diffusion, epitaxy and growth
- Molecular beam epitaxy
Surface States
- Dangling bonds and hybridisation
- Energy bands and gap states: Nearly free electrons
- Tight binding approximation
- Semiconductors and surface states: band bending
- Photoelectron spectroscopy
Techniques for Surface Analysis
- Chemical Analysis
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- Auger Electron Spectroscopy
- Structural Analysis
- Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy
- LEED and Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction
- Vibrational Spectroscopies
- Reflection Absorption Infra-Red Spectroscopy
- Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
- Probing surface electronic structure
- Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Scanning Probe Microscopy
- Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
- Electron tunnelling & basic operation
principles
- Design and Instrumentation
- Real Space Imaging: Do We Really See Atoms?
- Tunnelling Spectroscopy
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Timetable
As noted in Teaching above the scheduled 50 minute Atoms &
Molecules at Surfaces time slots will consist of a mixture of
(both lecturer- and student-given) lectures and discussions based on
directed reading. The topics
covered are laid out in the following timetable.
- 30/09/02 Introduction to course.
- 04/10/02 Basic surface thermodynamics; relaxation and
reconstruction; 2D lattices and Wood's notation
- 07/10/02 2D Reciprocal space
- 11/10/02 LEED
- 14/10/02 Adsorption I
- 18/10/02 Adsorption II
- 21/10/02 Diffusion, Epitaxy & Growth I
- 25/10/02 Diffusion, Epitaxy & Growth II
- 28/10/02 No lecture - directed reading
- 01/11/02 Problems Class I
- 04/11/02 Surface States I
- 08/11/02 Surface States II
- 11/11/02 Surface States III
- 15/11/02 Techniques and Spectroscopies I
- 18/11/02 Techniques and Spectroscopies II
- 22/11/02 Techniques and Spectroscopies III
- 25/11/02 STM I
- 29/11/02 STM II
- 02/12/02 Student Presentations I
- 06/12/02 Student Presentations II
- 09/12/02 Problems Class II
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Suggested Presentation Topics
The list of suggested presentation titles is as follows:
- Si(111)(7x7): History and Physics
- What's in a Vacuum?: Mass Spectrometry
- Nanofabrication at Room Temperature with the STM
- Atomic and Molecular Manipulation using Low Temperature STM
- Field Ion Microscopy
- MBE Growth of Self-Assembled Quantum Dots
- Synchrotrons and their Role in Surface Science
- Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy
- Magnetic Force Microscopy
- Nanoscale Clusters on Surfaces
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Fullerene-Surface Interactions
- Quasicrystals
- Self-assembled Monolayers
- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- Surface X-ray Diffraction
Note that you are also free to suggest a topic of your own.
The presentation contributes 20% of your final module mark and should be
prepared at a level appropriate for a student entering his/her
3rd year (i.e. someone who has not taken the Atoms and
Molecules at Surfaces module). The headings under which the article
will be assessed are given below.
Note that a literature search will
be
necessary when
preparing the presentation. There are a number of sources - textbooks, the
WWW
and scientific journals. If you have not already done so, speak to the
George Green library personnel about using the Web of Science
bibliographic
service to search the scientific literature.
Assessment
Assessment criteria for the presentation are
here .
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Last Updated:28/09/2001
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