Gender and sexual identity

Parents and the wider culture shape gender choices, in subtle ways; when they give different toys to boys and girls, paint a child’s room blue or pink or in how they behave with a child, such as in rough play with boys, but not with girls. In addition children learn from others through the role modelling of what is appropriate behavior for each gender.

In late childhood gender expression becomes more overt with an increased participation in gender role-related behaviours. Sexual behaviour and curiousity becomes more private whilst interest in romantic relationships develops. There can be an onset of bullying based on gender identity, expression or sexual orientation.

In early adolescence with the visible development of secondary sexual characteristics, interest in sexual activity develops. Gender identity and sexual orientation becomes more important and may be disclosed. There may be increased modesty around same sex peers.

In middle adolescence there is an emphasis on appearance and sexual attractiveness. Young people seek physical and emotional intimacy in romantic relationships and there is an increased importance to these chosen relationships over familial ones. Young people are more likely to be open to the possibility that there are more ways of expressing sexuality and gender than the traditional heteronormative way.