14. Resources

An extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier (primer) dose.

disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

Deoxyribonucleic acid: a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. DNA contains two intercoiled strands.

Ability of vaccine to prevent outcomes of interest in the ‘real world’.

% reduction in disease incidence in a vaccinated group compared to an unvaccinated group under optimal conditions (e.g. in a Randomised Controlled Trial).

A term used for people who are still unwell 12 weeks or more after having COVID-19, sometimes referred to as Post-COVID syndrome.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, an illness caused by a coronavirus, which emerged in 2012. It continues to circulate but has relatively low infectivity.

A bacterium, virus, parasite or fungus that can cause disease within the body.

A medicine or treatment which contains no active ingredient, often known as a ‘sugar pill’ or a sham treatment. In drug and vaccine trials, it is usually given to half the trial participants, so that the efficacy of the treatment and also its side effects can be compared between the two.

A term used for people who are still unwell 12 weeks or more after having COVID-19, commonly referred to as Long-COVID.

A reusable learning object (RLO) is based on a single learning objective, comprising a stand-alone.

1. Presentation: presenting the concept, fact, process, principle or procedure to be understood by the learner in order to support the learning objective
2. Activity: something the learner must do to engage with the content in order to better understand it
3. Assessment: a way in which the learner can apply their understanding and test their mastery of the content
4. Links: external resources to reinforce the message and aid understanding

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, an illness caused by a coronavirus which emerged in 2002/2003. Around 800 people died before it was contained by public health measures.

Ribonucleic acid: a molecule similar to DNA. Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus which causes COVID-19.

A blood clot which has travelled in the bloodstream before getting stuck and starting to block the blood flow to an organ or a limb.

All viruses – including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 - evolve over time. When a virus replicates or makes copies of itself, it sometimes changes a little bit, which is normal for a virus. These changes are called “mutations”. A virus with one or more new mutations is referred to as a “variant” of the original virus (WHO, 2021)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Vaccines & Immunizations resource.

This article is part of a series of explainers on vaccine development and distribution. Learn more about vaccines - from how they work and how they're made to ensuring safety and equitable access - in WHO's Vaccines Explained series. What are the ingredients in a vaccine?

This article is part of a series of explainers on vaccine development and distribution. Learn more about vaccines - from how they work and how they're made to ensuring safety and equitable access - in WHO's Vaccines Explained series. Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies.

This article is part of a series of explainers on vaccine development and distribution. Learn more about vaccines - from how they work and how they're made to ensuring safety and equitable access - in WHO's Vaccines Explained series. For more information on the three phases of vaccine clinical trials.

The fight against COVID-19 has seen vaccine development move at record speed, with more than 170 different vaccines in trials. But how are they different from each other and how will they protect us against the disease?

Keeping up with COVID-19 vaccines can be a daunting task, whether they are authorized for use or still undergoing clinical trials. To help people keep up, Yale Medicine mapped out a comparison of the five most prominent COVID-19 vaccines.

Urged by governments, key non-governmental organizations and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), WHO initiated, in 2003, the Vaccine Safety Net Project (VSN).

The mission of the Vaccine Safety Net is to help internet users find reliable vaccine safety information tailored to their needs.

As of December 2020, there were over 200 vaccine candidates for COVID-19 being developed. Of these, at least 52 candidate vaccines were in human trials. There were several others in phase I/II, which subsequently entered phase III (for more information on the clinical trial phases, see part three of our Vaccine Explained series).

This page answers the most frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccine safety. It includes details of all vaccines currently approved by the WHO.

Four national religious leaders joined Eboo Patel to discuss the crucial role that faith communities are playing in fostering far reaching and equitable vaccinations against the COVID-19 pandemic.

ICMRA statement about confidence in vaccine safety and effectiveness (for healthcare professionals).

This page contains information and guidance from faith communities about COVID-19 vaccination.

In this animation, a process in which a multitude of actors intervene (Enzymes, polysaccharides, cell organelles ...) is exposed, in a very simplified way.

The Independent SAGE Report 30: Maintaining adherence to protective behaviours during vaccination roll-out - Summary and recommendations

COVID-19 vaccination training and education materials for healthcare professionals, pharmacists, and other healthcare staff.

With authorised vaccines against COVID-19 being available and a considerable number of people requiring vaccination, a substantial workforce who can be mobilised quickly to give the vaccine safely is needed.