Visual Search in Novice and Experienced Drivers

We have recorded the eye movements of large numbers of newly qualified drivers both while they are driving an instrumented vehicle and while they are watching videos of driving situations in the laboratory. These drivers seem to have very different search strategies to those used by drivers with five to ten years of traffic experience. We are investigating ways of training newly qualified drivers to use more effective visual search strategies.

Eye Movements in Dangerous Driving Situations

We have found that eye movements in dangerous situations are characterised by an increase in average fixation durations and a reduction in mean saccade length, and in spread of both horizontal and vertical search. These situations also produced particularly dramatic differences between novice and experienced drivers in their visual search strategies.

Memory for Accidents and Near Accidents

Our work on eye movements predicts that memory in dangerous situations should be best for central information and worst for peripheral details. Various memory studies have supported this conclusion. One of our more surprising findings is how often drivers completely forget their accidents and near accidents. Drivers seem to be particularly likely to forget about minor incidents when they did not feel personally responsible for the accident.

Attention and Memory Failures in Routine Tasks

One other surprising example of a memory failure in drivers is the "time gap experience". This is the common feeling of 'waking up' while driving to the realisation that you can't remember anything about the previous section of road. We have found that this type of experience is reported frequently both in driving and other everyday tasks. We also have some tentative evidence linking such experiences to involvement in road traffic accidents.

Traffic Accident Liability

The key practical question in the psychology of driving is to understand individual and situational factors which predict the occurrence of accidents. Some of the factors we have been particularly interested in are hazard perception ability, occurrence of anger while driving, tradeoffs between speed and accuracy, and general driving style as measured in an instrumented vehicle. One new area of interest is company car drivers and the types of accidents that they are involved in.

I received my BSc and Phd from the University of Nottingham. My PhD investigated low level motion perception. During my BSc I spent a year working for the DRA on Human Factors of simulators and jet fighters.

After my PhD worked in Montreal, at McGill University, again looking at low level vision but this time investigating texture perception and amblyopia (lazy eye). I became interested in how higher level processes such as attention influence low level vision.

I returned to the Uk to spend several years at the University of Birmingham, including 5 as an RCUK fellow. I used behavioural measures and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to investigate the interaction of vision and attention through the adult life span.

I started at Nottingham in September 2011 and am investigating the interaction of attention with perception in multiple contexts including driving, low level and mid level vision and ignoring.

I'm particularly interested in how our brains represent things that we ignore. Do we process and then block these signals, or turn them down at source? Does it matter if we simply attend to something else or if we specifically choose to ignore an object. Do these processes get harder with age?

I also specialize in characterizing inter-individual differences in brain morphology, particularly with respect to aging, dementia, and cognitive abilities.

I conduct research across a variety of topics, including emotional memory, risky decision-making, and embodied cognition. I study these topics using behavioral paradigms, as well as fMRI, EEG, and structural MRI. Additionally, some studies involve computational modeling--either in the form of advanced statistical methods and machine learning, or through the development of specific models designed to distinguish between particular theoretical hypotheses.

Autism spectrum disorders

At the moment I am particularly interested in how people with ASD make inferences about other people's mental states and personality traits. Conversely, how do typical adults form impressions of those with ASD? What type of perceptual information do people rely on to make these judgments? I am also interested in the more general question of what kind of beliefs people in the population hold about ASD, and whether they differ across cultures?

Psychology of driving

I'm particularly interested in how these processes differ between individuals who have learned to drive in environments where driver behaviour, accident and fatality rates dramatically differ: for instance, we have carried out a number of studies comparing drivers from the UK with drivers from Malaysia. I'm also interested in how other individual differences may influence performance within the driving domain, including how having an Autism Spectrum Disorder affects aspects of driving skill.

I have a number of lines of research, and am always interested in hearing from prospective students about their research ideas or questions. These research topics are described below. Bear in mind that there is a lot of overlap between each topic, so potential projects will likely involve parts of each (for example, investigating the influence of neuromodulation in age-related cognitive decline). Feel free to contact me for more details, or check out my personal website: http://andrew.modelgui.org

Neuromodulation of Cognition

My current research seeks to elucidate the role of the neuromodulator norepinephrine in the control of high-level cognitive processes such as decision making, sequential reinforcement learning, vigilance, and adaptation to changing environments. I have developed a realistic 3D highway driving simulator in which participants make decisions about traffic situations of varying difficulty. At the same time, I measure pupil diameter (a proxy measure for norepinephrine) and brain activity, using EEG. Projects in this topic would include designing experiments, collecting experimental data, and analyzing behavioural, pupillometry, and EEG results.

Brain Connectivity

I am interested using neuroimaging methods, including MRI, EEG, and MEG, to estimate how the human brain is connected, and how its connectivity changes under specific conditions or clinical disorders. In particular, my research focuses on combining information from many types of brain imaging, in order to get a picture of how brain structure and function coordinate to produce cognition. Projects in this topic would involve working with large neuroimaging datasets, using Python to process and analyze these datasets, and applying connectivity analysis software to experimental data.

Age-related Neurodegeneration

As our brains age, they begin to degenerate. For example, over 90% of people over the age of 60 have some degeneration of the brain's white matter (axonal wiring). Similarly, close to 30% of the world population over age 85 have some form of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. A major focus of my research is to better understand how the brain changes earlier in life, and whether these changes can be used to predict whether a person will go on to develop Alzheimer's or other neurodegenerative disease. Knowledge of this process can be very informative about how to prevent or stave off its effects later in life. Projects in this topic would include analyzing public databases of elderly cohorts, as well as people with genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease.

My research interests are focused within the field of driver behaviour, particularly with respects to emotion. During my PhD, I investigated the effects of both state and trait anxiety on road user behaviour. I did this using a series of behavioural, attentional, physiological, and neurological methods. This information allowed me to provide suggestions within my thesis for relaxation therapies and attentional training for those with high levels of state or trait anxiety respectively. The experiences I have obtained throughout my academic career also mean that I am able to conduct research in both laboratory and simulated environments.