11. Resources

Glossary

Term	Definition
Critical Reflexivity	Critical Reflexivity is a personal analysis that involves challenging personal beliefs and assumptions to improve professional and personal practice (Timmins, F. 2006).
Cross-cultural	Cross-cultural is any form of activity between members of different cultural groups; or, a comparative perspective on how cultural differences and similarities shape human behaviours and events (Harris, 1983; Trimmer & Warnock, 1992; Verburg, 2000, in Douglas et al., 2014).
Cultural awareness	Cultural awareness is sensitivity to the similarities and differences that exist between two different cultures and the use of this sensitivity in effective communication with members of another cultural group (HETI 2018 retrieved from http://www.heti.nsw.gov.au/International-medical-graduate/Cultural-Awareness/#).
Cultural Competence	Cultural Competence is the ongoing capacity of health care systems, organizations, and professionals to provide for diverse patient populations high quality care that is safe, patient-centered and family-centered, evidence-based, and equitable (Ngo-Metzer et al., 2006).
Cultural Diversity	Cultural Diversity refers to the differences between peoples based on a shared ideology and valued set of beliefs, norms, customs, and meanings evidenced in a way of life (American Nurses Association, 1991, in Douglas et al., 2014). Some examples include ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status in a situation, institution, or group (Douglas et al., 2014).
Culture	Culture refers to integrated patterns of human behaviour that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups (Office of Minority Health, 2016).
Empathy	Empathy in nursing is a cognitive, intentional and deliberate act of understanding someone else’s perspective. It is based on an emotional-social-cognitive ability (TRaNSforM, 2012, http://www.transformnursing.eu/working-definitions/empathy.aspx).
Multicultural	Multicultural is concept or philosophy that recognizes that all cultures have a value of their own and must be represented or recognized in the broader society or international context, and encourages enlightenment of others in the worthwhile contributions to society by those of diverse ethnic backgrounds (Harris, 1983; Trimmer & Warnock, 1992; Verburg, 2000, in Douglas et al., 2014).
Nonverbal Communication	It is valuable for all healthcare professionals to have a knowledge of nonverbal communication. This refers to the forms of communication that include use of eye contact, facial expressions, use of touch, body language, spatial distancing, acceptable greetings, temporality in terms of past, present, or future orientation of worldview, clock versus social time, and the degree of formality in the use of names (Purnell, 2008, in Douglas et al., 2014). These forms of nonverbal communication often vary among cultures (Douglas et al., 2014). Nonverbal communication can convey a sense of warmth, empathy, caring, reassurance, and support.
Nursing	Nursing is a healthcare profession that encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles (ICN, 2010).
Self-awareness	Self-awareness is the personal process of identifying one’s values and beliefs (Douglas et al., 2014).
Transcultural Nursing	Study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices . . . with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or wellbeing (Leininger, 1995, in Douglas et al., 2014).
Verbal Communication	Verbal Communication is a form of communication that includes the dominant language and dialects, contextual use of the language, and paralanguage variations, such as voice volume and tone, intonations, reflections, and willingness to share thoughts and feelings (Purnell, 2008, in Douglas et al., 2014).

Resources

Title	Description
Can Hospital Cultural Competency Reduce Disparities in Patient	Cultural competency has been espoused as an organizational strategy to reduce health disparities in care.
Clinical Implications and validity of nursing assessments	Nursing assessments are strongly correlated with in-hospital and post discharge mortality. Nursing assessment data may allow to improve patient care.
Competência cultural: análise do conceito segundo a metodologia tradicional de Walker e Avant	Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar o significado do conceito de competência cultural, a fim de clarificá-lo na prática de enfermagem.
COMUNICAÇÃO NÃO-VERBAL NA ÁREA DA SAÚDE	A comunicação é a base fundamental das relações interpessoais, podendo ser verbal ou não verbal. A comunicação não-verbal completa, contradiz ou substitui a comunicação verbal.
Cultural competence education for health professionals (Review)	In this review the authors aim "to assess the effects of cultural competence education interventions for health professionals on patient-related outcomes, health professional outcomes, and healthcare organisation outcomes".
Cultural competence in action for CAMHS: Development of a cultural competence assessment tool and training programme	This article details the development of a tool to measure the cultural competence of individuals working within the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).
Cultural competence in clinician communication	The aim of this paper is to define cultural competence and to understand the need for cultural competence.
Guidelines for Implementing Culturally Competent Nursing Care	This article is the third in a series of commentaries on culturally competent.
Nurses’ Perceptions of Their Cultural Competence in Caring for Diverse Patient Populations	The aim of this study was to examine nurses’ perceptions of their cultural awareness, knowledge, skills, and comfort level in caring for patients and families from diverse populations.
O toque na relação interpessoal – uma reflexão teórica sobre relações interpessoais	O toque é considerado como uma das maneiras mais importantes e fundamentais de comunicação não verbal. Neste artigo poderá descobrir a importância do Toque para o desenvolvimento do ser humano.
Patient Centeredness, Cultural Competence and Healthcare Quality	In this paper, the authors explore the historical evolution of cultural competence and patient centeredness.
Standards of Practice for Culturally Competent Nursing Care: 2011 Update	This paper initiate a discussion of a set of standards of practice for culturally competent care that nurses around the globe may use.
The Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor Model for Developing Cultural	This paper is about the Papadopoulos model for developing cultural competence. We can learn the concept of cultural competence, cultural sensitivity and transcultural health and nursing.
Transcultural nursing: its importance in nursing practice	This paper is about the importance of transculturality in nursing practice.

Learning outcomes

By completing this resource you will be able to:

• To encourage reflection and awareness and of cultural differences during a patient’s admission to a hospital ward.
• To understand the importance of individualised nursing care and embrace differences that meet the needs of patients based on their own values and beliefs.

This resource was developed by:

Content Authors: Margarida Reis Santos, Candida Koch and Paula Prata.

Language Editors: Mary Brown and Helen Laverty (MBE)

Narrator: Helen Laverty (MBE)

Project Mentor: Stathis Konstantinidis

Project Developer: Michael Taylor

Video Production/Development: Info from Portuguese team....

Actors: Maria – Maria José Lumini, Alex – Igor Soares Pinto, Maria’s Husband – Paulo Puga Machado.

Funding: TransCoCon project - This work was supported by “TransCoCon: Developing Multimedia Learning for Transcultural Collaboration and Competence in Nursing”, a project funded under the ERASMUS+ Programme, (GA No 2017-1-UK01-KA203-036612).

Developing Multimedia Learning for Trans-cultural Collaboration and Competence in Nursing.

United Kingdom: Stathis Konstantinidis, Mary Brown, Carol Hall, Heather Wharrad, Stacy Johnson, Helen Laverty, Mark Pearson, Michael Taylor.

Germany: Inge Bergmann-Tyacke, Annette Nauerth, Vanessa Neumann and Simone Neitzel

Portugal: Margarida Reis Santos, Candida Koch and Paula Prata.

Belgium: Marc Dhaeze, Leen Van Landschoot, Maarten Michels.

Ireland: Edel McSharry, Denise Healy and Siobhan McGowan.

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