9. Resources

Glossary

Term	Definition
Complimentary and alternative medicines (CAM)	Treatment that is not considered part of mainstream healthcare provision. E.g. acupuncture and homeopathy.
Reusable Learning Object (RLO)	A multimedia, online learning tool centred around one particular learning outcome.
Social Sciences	A group of academic disciplines devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.
Vaccine Hesitancy	Vaccine hesitancy is the delay or refusal of vaccination - despite its availability. Vaccine hesitancy is context specific and can vary between vaccines, as well as over time and between places.

Resources

Resource Title	Description
Calling the Shots, Why Parents Reject Vaccines	A book by Jennifer Reich that examines the attitudes and beliefs of parents who choose not to immunize their children.
Making Every Contact Count: A tool to help conversations with vaccine hesitant patients	A resource developed by Public Health England to help with the structure and success of vaccination conversations.
The VAX-TRUST Project - main website	A project consisting of 10 partner organisations in 7 European countries aiming to improve the experience of healthcare professionals and patients in encountering the topic of vaccination. Funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 965280.
The VAX-TRUST Project at the University of Nottingham	An overview of the research activity and personnel working on the VAX-TRUST project at the University of Nottingham.
World Health Organisation guidance for communication around Covid-19 vaccines	Evidence-based guidance developed by the World Health Organisation to help healthcare professionals have successful conversations with patients about Covid-19 vaccinations.

References

1. Anderson, A. and Hobson-West, P. (2022). UK team ethnography on vaccine hesitancy. In Cardano M., Numerato D., Gariglio L., Hasmanová Marhánková J., Scavarda A. and Cochis I. (eds.) Country-specific synthesis of the qualitative studies including ethnography and in-depth interviews with parents and healthcare professionals. VAX-TRUST deliverable 4.4, (236-261)
2. Goldenberg, M. J. (2021). Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
3. Larson, H.J., Cooper, L.Z., Eskola, J., Katz, S.L and Ratzan, S. (2011). ‘Addressing the vaccine confidence gap’. The Lancet, 378: 526-35.
4. Dubé, E., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P., Roy, R. and Bettinger, J.A. (2013). ‘Vaccine hesitancy: A review’, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 9:8, 1763-1773.
5. Hobson-West, P. (2003). ‘Understanding vaccination resistance: moving beyond risk’, Health, Risk & Society, 5:3, 273-283.
6. Nurmi, J. (2021). Building ‘natural’ immunities: Cultivation of human-microbe relations in vaccine-refusing families. In Brives, C., Rest, M., Sariola, S. (eds.). With Microbes. Manchester: Mattering Press. p. 100–17.
7. Greyson, D. and Bettinger, J.A. (2022). ‘How do mothers’ vaccine attitudes change over time?’. Qualitative Research in Health, 2.
8. Numerato, D., Vochocová, L., Štětka, V., and Macková, A. (2019). ‘The vaccination debate in the “Post-Truth” Era: social media as sites of multi-layered reflexivity’. Sociology of Health Illness, 41: 82–97.
9. Soveri, A., Karlsson, L.C., Antfolk, J., Maki, O., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Nolvi, S., Karukivi, M., Lindfelt, M. and Lewandowsky, S. (2023). ‘Spillover effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on attitudes to influenza and childhood vaccines’. BMC Public Health, 23, 764.
10. Hobson-West, P. (2007). 'Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all': organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK. Sociology of Health and Illness, 29(2):198–215.
11. MacDonald, N.E. (2015). ‘Sage Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants’. Vaccine, 33, 4161–4164.
12. Brownlie, J., Howson, A. (2005). 'Leaps of faith' and MMR: an empirical study of trust’. Sociology, 39: 221–239.
13. Calnan, M. and Douglass, T. (2020). ‘Hopes, hesitancy and the risky business of vaccine development’, Health, Risk & Society, 22:5-6, 291-304.

Learning outcomes

This learnng resource will provide healthcare professionals and students with an increased awareness of the complex nature of vaccine hesitancy, which can then be utilised in future conversations with vaccine hesitant parents.

This resource was developed by:

Project Leads:

• Dr Tristan Emerson
• Professor Pru Hobson-West
• Dr Alistair Anderson

VAX-TRUST Collaborators:

• Professor Holly Blake
• Dr Allison Brindley
• Dr Vanessa MacGregor
• Dr Allan McCoy
• Dr Agnes Nanyonjo
• Dr Laura Nellums
• Professor Stephen Timmons
• Professor Kavita Vedhara

HELM staff

The project leads would like to thank the HELM team for their contributions to this resource: Professor Richard Windle (project mentor), Aaron Fecowycz (development), Lydia Jones (development), Simon Riley (narration), Shaun Blundell (technical peer-review).

Funding:

The VAX-TRUST project is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 965280. The RLO authors would like to thank the consortium members for their collaboration during the research project.

Accreditation

This resource is credited by the Royal College of Nursing until 30 April 2025. Accreditation only applies to the educational context and not any product. Royal College of Nursing cannot confirm competence of any practitioner. Royal College of Nursing accreditation of this resource applies only for the registered healthcare professional audience.

Citation:

To cite this resource:

Emerson T, Hobson-West P, Anderson A. (2023). ‘Exploring Childhood Vaccine Hesitancy: A Resource for Healthcare Professionals’. Reusable Learning Object. University of Nottingham. Available at: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/helmopen/rlos/practice-learning/public-health/exploring-childhood-vaccine-hesitancy/

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